PHILOSOPHY. HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY
The issue of good and evil in the religious philosophy of Russian modernists is perhaps the most complicated: it has not been resolved, but in the progress of the discussion new horizons in the understanding of ontological properties of Life were seen open. What refers to the Mystery of Being is not plainly unprovable, what refers to the Mystery of Human Existence explains within a person the depth of self-understanding, always imperfect, and not completely shaped in any prospects of social development, but mystically going in infinite spiritual development. Any completely shaped system of social teaching, offering the human final answers about the meaning of his or her existence is always fictive and always none but a public delusion. That is the general philosophical contour in the history of modernism, attractive for the researcher interest.
An essay is devoted to proving the thesis that the well-known concept of “chronotope” in the philosophy of M.M. Bakhtin apparently goes back to the works of the Jewish philosopher A.Z. Steinberg on the Jewish national character, unpublished until 2018. As it was shown earlier and it is well-known for many decades M.M. Bakhtin’s ideas in his books about F.M. Dostoevsky go back to A.Z. Steinberg’s the reports in the Free Philosophical Association in Petrograd in 1921 and the book “System of Freedom of Dostoevsky” (Berlin, 1923), based on the above reports. A high probability to that assumption is supported with the comment about M.M. Bakhtin “…I was the first” made by A.Z. Steinberg, which became known only in 2017.
A.Z. Steinberg’s work is viewed in a wide context of the Russian philosophy of the time and includes the names of V.V. Rozanov, V.S. Solovyov, M.O. Gershenzon.
The theory of suprematism, which Kazimir Malevich justified in his tractate “Suprematism. The world as a non-objectivity, or eternal peace” (1922), was a description of his radical artistic experience. “Black Square” (1915) and other suprematiс paintings coincided in time not only with the era of the Revolution of 1917, but also with the flourishing of Russian philosophy. In parallel with the revolution in the society and art, many works related to Malevich’s reflections came out: the translation of Meister Eckhart’s sermons in the publishing house “Musaget” (1912), carried out by Margarita Sabashnikova; “Unfading Light” by Sergei Bulgakov (1917), “Triple image of perfection” (1918) by Mikhail Gershenzon and “The Crisis of Art” (1918) by Nikolai Berdyaev.
Socialist ideas, as well as religious reflections of Russian philosophers were connected with the reception of German and French thought. In this flow of ideas, Malevich formulates his intuition about the non-objectivity and the liberated Nothingness. Gershenzon supports him: their longstanding correspondence traces the main themes of the suprematist’s reflections. When analyzing Malevich’s works, it becomes clear that apophatic theology and mysticism were an important basis for Malevich’s thought. This article will compare the works of Malevich, Eckhart, Berdyaev and Bulgakov and identify the links that shed light on the formation of the theory of Suprematism.
SOCIOLOGY: THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL RESEARCHES
The article considers the issues of and the prospects for developing territories that were associated with the city of Moscow during last administrative reform.
This refers to so called New Moscow, which consists of the settlements and districts with different living standards and conditions. On the one hand, it set a task for Moscow authorities to even those conditions; and on the one hand, to include local administrative staff into the common system of management. Authors link majority of the issues to the inefficiency of local self-government models that have developed so far in modern Russia, and especially in megacities where the multileveled governing is allowed and the redistribution of powers in favor of the superior authorities is practiced.
Particular attention is paid to the specifics of civil participation of residents in the process of political decision-making at the new territories, to the residents’ satisfaction with the activity of the authorities. Some solutions for the fastest assimilation of local communities to new conditions are proposed.
The paper presents the results of the content analysis of the local press in Smolensk. The focus of the sociological study is environmental problematics and its reflection in the pages of the daily Smolensk newspaper “Rabochii put” (“The Work Path”). Research objectives are revealing mostly urgent environmental issues, attention to them by local press and interest of different social groups in those issues. Assessment of attitude towards environmental issues was monitored by the frequency of occurrence of the count units for semantic categories in the negative, positive and neutral contexts. Categories of actors were also identified: a) business, b) officials, c) local communities, d) NGOs, e)educational institutions, f) public associations, g) newspaper editors. In the process of searching for publications of codes on the main categories of analysis, their belonging to one or another social group was simultaneously established. The main research results indicate that in the newspaper environmental issues are covered rather negatively. The most urgent environmental risks for Smolensk are unresolved issues in the waste disposal, the strong concern about climate change and the probability of environmental crisis. Following the results of the study, conclusions are also possible on the assessment by various social groups of the ecological situation in the city, as well as on the features of the environmental consciousness of the local urban community in Smolensk.
A social well-being is the main indicator of efficiency of social development of the Moscow Region and the quality of life of people living there. This article analyses a social well-being of residents of the region based on a sociological study conducted by MAGRAM Market Research in 2019.
Within the framework of this article a social well-being is defined through the concept of human satisfaction with various aspects of life and represents the evaluative judgments of a person against the place occupied in social space. A sociological aspect of the concept of “social well-being” is associated with a comprehensive study of satisfaction with the quality of life of an individual. “Quality of life” is considered as a complex characteristic of the living conditions of the population, which is expressed in subjective assessments of satisfaction with such areas of life as improvement of human settlements, the quality of services provided by the housing and communal services, as well as the road and transport infrastructure. These issues have a special relevance and practical significance for the residents of the Moscow Region, what determines the choice of the above-mentioned areas of urban economy as a priority for analysis.
The authors analyze the typical marketing strategies in modern sport, including the work of the sports organizations with their sponsors, the player transfer markets, the successful running of sports brands and modeling the market of sports events. These strategies, growing on the basis of institutional regulation, are mostly premised on the accepted but unapproved informal norms. The article compares the institutional and informal interactions that determine the positioning of sports organizations in the public space.
The authors show that institutionally acceptable ways of promoting commercial interests in sports are gradually giving way to informal practices of personalized exchange, taking into account group preferences also. Various restrictions on teams entering the League, arrangements for the recruitment of athletes, granting of rights to trade, broadcast, and do many other things become informal.
On the other hand, the space of sport increasingly acquires pronounced axiological characteristics. The article analyzes the marketing programs of Internet resources of various sports teams, which are filled with media projects, genre content and “vlogs” that go beyond the subject area of sports. Sports advertising also overpasses that framework, because it increasingly translates not only consumer preferences, but the value system as well.
The article analyzes the market of the occult-mystical services in modern Russia. Based on empirical studies, the author considers the supply and demand, identifies the main types of “players”, as well as the main marketing strategies and pricing in that specific market. The characteristic aspects of modern esotericism are the active use of the information technology and in general media culture, as well as the introduction of market logic in the functioning of such structures. In addition, the “naive” discourse, characteristic of the 90s, was replaced by a science-like one. Structures for the magical education and “healing” are currently appearing being officially registered and getting the right to work. Legal regulation of that sphere is practically absent.
ART STUDIES
The article is devoted to photography as a component of the source base for studying the historical and cultural phenomenon of the Russian abroad community. The author characterizes the typological and informational features of the photographic heritage of Russian abroad community, arising from the role that photography played in the process of the social adaptation abroad, everyday life, culture and art of the Russian emigres of the twentieth century. The article traces the impact of the visualization processes of historical consciousness on the process of the spontaneous formation of the body of the electronic archival and modern photographs that reflect the theme of Russian abroad community. The author raises the question of developing methods for identifying and collecting photo documents that can be used to study the issues of the history and present of Russian diasporas in the Near Abroad.
In independent Russian poetry, the description of the works of the “big style” of socialist realism was not reduced to mimicking in the mood of “sots”-art (socialist art). On the contrary, those works were taken seriously as a fact of social consciousness. But because of their being relevant to propaganda and not to the public (which by that time had opted for the private life values) an aesthetical conclusion was drawn that the descriptive poetry facilitates the paradigm change from “natural” one in favour of the social reflection. The article proves that the basis for such a change was a negative (apophatic) correlation between understanding the mission of the poet or artist and the actual functioning of things in Soviet everyday life. The failure of Soviet utopia was then understood as evidence of the impossibility of a positive correlation between the poet’s enthusiasm and the labor enthusiasm of his public. Attention to the details of works of a great style supplements the attention to the decorative and applied art, which were building the ideal of a meditating poet. Here, the poet finds himself sharing a common destiny, including the ability for tragic thoughts, with poets of the Soviet era. In the course of the study, it turned out possible to find a number of sources for the imagery of that poetry in actual paintings and works of the decorative and applied art, as well as in the statements of the Soviet artists and theorists themselves, due to which certain images were clarified.
The article discusses the issue of the appearance of the tent architecture in Russian art of building. Analysis of miniatures of Litsevoy letopisnyy svod (Illuminated Compiled Chronicle) of the 16th сentury allowed to reconstruct the image of the refectory of the Church of Alexis the Metropolitan, built in 1483-1485, with a tent-like top. It is suggested that it was built by an unknown Italian architect, one of those who worked at that time in Moscow and at other sites. Following the Church of Alexey from Chudov monastery, which enjoyed special attention of the Royal family in the 16th century, tent churches at refectory became common in some Russian monasteries.
ISSN 2073-6401 (Online)