The second part of the article continues the study the history of V. Soloviev’s writing a special work of the 1890s on moral philosophy. In the previous part of the article, it was established that the decision to write the work could have come to the philosopher in the summer of 1894, since before that time he intended to present to the public the chapters of his work on aesthetics. In the work, as well as in the accompanying literary and critical studies, the philosopher intended to prove that the artist should be guided in his work by a true idea of the ultimate meaning of being. The author proves that the idea of a treatise on moral philosophy was born out of a dispute with the greatest Russian writer of that time, Leo Tolstoy, about what should be laid as a basis of morality and what is its highest purpose. Taking as such basis the principles that Tolstoy himself shared – personal asceticism, love to fellow beings and reverence for the Heavenly Father – Vl. Solovyov made an attempt, through the development of subjective moral attitudes, to justify the need for their objective embodiment in public institutions and so the fact that the ultimate realization of the Good on Earth must be the victory over death. The article also describes how the relationship between Vl. Solovyov and L.N. Tolstoy developed in the 1890s. In particular, a separate paragraph describes Vl. Solovyov’s criticism of the “moral subjectivism” of Tolstoy’s teaching in 1890–1891, that found a place in the “Justification of the Good” in the form of a chapter in that treatise.

The article deals with a comparative analysis of the structure and content of religious experience, specifically the experience of “mysterium tremendum”, in the works of Semyon Frank and Rudolf Otto. It reveals the connection between the concepts of “mysterium tremendum”, “mystery”, and the “the utterly different” as used by the authors. The author attempts to identify perspectives in S.L. Frank’s works that reference the idea of the “sacred” in R. Otto’s work, and to articulate their significance for S.L. Frank’s ontology. The article considers recently introduced works by S.L. Frank, including the text “First Philosophy” and lecture notes on the “Philosophy of Religion”. It is argued that S.L. Frank describes the nature of the “Holy” and the structure of religious experience by drawing on the framework of religious experience from R. Otto’s work “The Sacred”. Like the “numinous”, the Holy is described by S.L. Frank as a mystery that evokes awe and is compared to R. Otto’s phenomenological category of “mysterium tremendum”. At the same time, the work “The Unknowable”, as the author calls it, is “an ontological introduction to the philosophy of religion”. The categories of R. Otto’s phenomenology of religion are given an ontological character, and they are integrated into the structural principle of reality developed by S.L. Frank – the principle of antinomic monodualism.

The article deals with a little-known aspect of the philosophical heritage of M. Merleau-Ponty – the issues of the early speech ontogenesis and the possibility of using phenomenology to analyze children’s speech. The text precedes the publication of a fragment of materials from the lecture course by M. Merleau-Ponty, which he read at the Sorbonne in 1949–1952 (published in the collection “Psychology and Pedagogy of the Child. Lectures at the Sorbonne 1949–1952” 2001, not translated into Russian language). The article briefly presents the historical and philosophical context of studies of child language, which was formed by the middle of 20th century, when Merleau-Ponty turned to that topic, general characteristics and a summary of the main points of his lecture course, features of his approach to early language development and the development of a child as a whole from the point of view of phenomenology, psychology, linguistics and other related to the subject disciplines. The author makes an attempt to highlight the philosophical specifics of the source under study, as well as to suggest what place such Merleau-Ponty research direction might take in the current field of phenomenology and linguistics of childhood, on the one hand, and in the reception of Merleau-Ponty’s legacy, on the other.

The publication deals with the little-studied pages of the history of Eurasianism after 1956, when P.N. Savitsky returned to Europe from the USSR. For the first time, archival materials are introduced into scientific circulation, which show the reception of ideas from the first generation of Eurasians (the founder of the movement P.N. Savitsky and the first Eurasian historian G.V. Vernadsky) to Soviet Eurasians L.N. Gumilev and his disciple A.N. Zelinsky. A.N. Zelinsky’s archive includes his letters and answers of G.V. Vernadsky, with whom he, then a novice scientist, was introduced to in absentia by P.N. Savitsky. Having returned from imprisonment in the USSR, Savitsky begins a large-scale correspondence, connecting scientists in Europe, the USSR and in the United States, spreading Eurasian ideas, which later crystallized into a methodology of interdisciplinary researches, focused on the fate of Russia-Eurasia, the rhythms of history, architecture, geography, Russian spiritual culture. After Savitsky’s death, G.V. Vernadsky and A.N. Zelinsky continued epistolary communication. Vernadsky and Zelinsky comprehended Savitsky’s contribution to science and his extraordinary personality itself

Based on statistical data the author considers the issue of agricultural university graduates entering the labor market. It is revealed that 76,8% of young specialists are working, 11,6% are unemployed, 11,6% are not part of the labor force. Of the working graduates, only 25,1% are employed in agriculture, and less than 60% have work related to their education. Only 5,3% of employed graduates from agricultural universities are managers, 37,6% are specialists of the highest qualification level (thus, the majority of the rest are engaged in less skilled work than is nominally expected in accordance with their education – they are persons who have not realized the potential of their education). 56% of those who came to agriculture and another 5% to other areas indicated a sufficient level of education received. Difficulties in finding a job are identified: lack or insufficient work experience – 23,3%, lack or absence of suitable vacancies – 23,3%, low level of offered wages – 22,6%. Average monthly wages of agricultural workers in Russia in January–December 2023 amounted to 54,636 rubles. A wide range of salaries by specialty and a difference between managers (RUB 78,225) and specialists (RUB 47,802) are recorded.

The article contains a rationale for the relevance of addressing the topic of participation of modern Russian student youth in the socio-political life of society. It is noted that today the issue of ensuring the participation of student youth in the political life of the country is one of the significant tasks within which the efforts of public administration should be applied. Participation in social and political initiatives opens up great opportunities for young people to discuss and influence the adoption of significant political and management decisions regarding pressing issues on the agenda.

The authors study the involvement of students in various forms of civic activity through which their effective participation in political processes is possible. The political preferences of young people, as the most active and progressively thinking social group, determine the vectors of their civic activity, which in turn shapes the features and directions of the formation of a modern rule of law state and civil society.

It is concluded that the most popular ideological guidelines for young people in matters of the socio-political structure of the state are democratic and social-democratic ideological views. The authors also noted a trend of increasing youth involvement in such a form of civic activity as elections.

The issue of shaping value orientations among students in modern Russian society continues to be as ever topical and finding a proper solution to it depends not only on the social policy pursued by the state, but also on the internal culture of each individual, on the level of his/her education and tolerance. The research materials were data from an online survey conducted in 2023 and a survey conducted in 2012. The completed comparative analysis showed that such qualities as hard-working nature, devotion to family, humanity, kindness, empathy are still of importance for today’s students. It was also revealed that students place a priority on and favour “family”, “health”, “education” and “work”. The analysis of the survey results further showed that students are interested in the history of their country, valued the feeling of responsibility for its future and were positively disposed to cooperate and interact with representatives of other nationalities.

The purpose of the study is to identify the degree of women’s rootedness in the modern Russian political elite as one of the factors of their meaningful representation. By the method of retrospective biographic analysis, the specifics of women’s rooting were identified separately for each of the branches of government. The database of the study contained all female politicians included in the current elite on October 1, 2022. The results of the work revealed a pool of women rooted in politics, gaining political weight and experience. They have no signs of marginal position and symbolic representation, occupy a significant position in the hierarchy of political positions, have a high level of education and professional competencies, have an extensive background in the system of public administration and the possibility of accumulating significant social capital. It was also revealed that for potentially rooted female politicians, career trajectories passing through participation in the activities of public organizations allow for a rapid rise to the highest political levels of government. The relevance of the work lies in the fact that the analysis of the indicator of women’s rootedness in the political system was used to assess the degree of symbolic representation.

The article deals with the implementation of social policy in the field of childhood during the period of political, economic and social transformations of Russian society from 1919 to 1945. The analysis considers two time periods – from 1919 to 1929 and from 1930 to 1945. The main groups of children targeted by the State’s social policy during the period under review included street children, orphans, children deprived of the opportunity to study at school, refugee children, i. e. the so-called deprived groups. It is shown which decisions of the Soviet government were crucial for supporting the most socially vulnerable groups.

This article studies the concept of social contract and its evolution in the context of modern democracies. Special attention is paid to the views of John Rawls and his Theory of Justice, which offers a new approach to the principles of equality and justice in the social contract. It analyzes sociological indicators that allow to assess the state of the social contract, such as the level of trust, etc. To study the dynamics of those indicators in the European Union countries, the Eurobarometer survey is used, which provides relevant data for analyzing changes in citizens’ perception of the social contract.

The article is aimed at studying the interaction of music and cinema as a mechanism for actualizing the social contract in modern society. The article analyzes the bilateral relations between society and cinematography, considering how music enhances the socio-political message of films and, in turn, how cinema affects the formation of public consciousness. Attention will also be paid to the collaboration between the composer and the director, which largely determines how audiovisual products can reflect and shape the current needs of society.

The article considers the main daily practices of women political prisoners of Soviet prisons in the early years of Soviet power, reflected in the memoirs of the Socialist-Revolutionary, journalist and writer Olga Eliseevna Kolbasina-Chernova (1886–1964), the second wife of V.M. Chernov. She was imprisoned from 1920 to 1921. Her memoirs are not only an interesting historical, but also a sociological source identifying a number of aspects of prison daily life and the dominant daily practices that allowed women to adapt to the extreme conditions of imprisonment.

The article considers the testimonies of foreigners about various aspects of the use of portrait images in Russia at the end of the 15^th–17^th centuries. The beginning of their existence was noted in the grand ducal environment and is associated with the organization of political marriages. Muscovy’s contacts with European countries, especially since the middle of the 16th century, contributed to the strengthening of travelers’ interest in the personality of the tsar. For that reason, individual sketches and literary portraits of Russian monarchs appear. In a number of cases, there is a desire for representation through their images of the Moscow Kingdom, and sometimes personal merits. Since the 17^th century, according to foreigners, pictures with the image of the tsar and medals with his image have become a kind of award badge. The works also reflected the question of the relationship between icon painting and secular painting, the possibility of using the artistic achievements of painters in icon painting, which at that time caused categorical disagreement of the Russian Church. At the same time, the authors noted the coexistence in one environment, for example, in retail shops or the residence of the patriarch, of icons and portrait images, including church hierarchs, painted from nature. Since the end of the 17^th century, foreigners have noted the widespread use of secular painting, including portraits, in the homes of the nobility and government officials. Foreigners were most often represented by European diplomats and members of trading companies, who were guided in their assessments by criteria that meet the familiar environment of their countries and correspond to ideas about the portrait, its role and artistic merits. In general, their information and assessments provide a sense of the dynamics of attitude change in the use of portrait images in Russia during the Late Middle Ages and, ultimately, readiness to assimilate European values.

The topic of analysis is the hundred and fifty-year history of evolution of the French fascination with the culture and art of Antiquity, which in the 17th–18th centuries received a character of mania for Antiquity. That fascination led to the emergence and development of classicism and then of “Greek taste” (goût grec) and neoclassicism. It is possible to name also less known styles, which also got their place in this evolutionary line: it is Pompeian style, author’s styles of architects J.-J. Soufflot and J.-A. Gabriel and others. Emphasis is placed on comparing the theoretical foundations of the new styles and their material embodiment, expressed in architecture, interior decor and furniture. The process is shown on a background of the “Greek Revival” and the “Roman Revival” confrontation, and correlates with the development of art history and with the socio-political history of France. The methodology of the research is in line with the issue statement. The History, Art History and Cultural Studies present different aspects of perception: culture reflects history as much as history reflects social reality, and art is the creative form of comprehending the reality.

The work analyzes sculptural portraits of Sarah Bernhardt, created either by French artists of the second half of the 19th – early 20th century, or by the actress herself. Understanding the need for self-expression not only on stage, but also in the sculptor’s studio, Bernard used her fame to promote her own creations at exhibitions and in theaters during tours, putting on public display both sculptures and busts of her friends and famous contemporaries, as well as self-portraits. To embody the images of the great French actress in marble, bronze, terracotta, clay, and plaster, artists used a rich palette of expressive means. In an effort to enhance the imagery and colorfulness of the sculptures, the authors turned to polychromy, combining marble of different colors, gilded, silvered, patinated bronze, ivory or painted marble, wax or plaster in one work. Acting in line with the development of French sculpture of that period, artists used replication techniques, creating several versions of one sculpture in different materials, gave objects the utilitarian properties of sculptural portraits of Sarah Bernhardt, and used ornamental patterns characteristic of Art Nouveau. The imagery with which the artists embodied Sarah Bernhardt in sculpture was generally consistent with her images in other types of fine art: an actress in theatrical costumes, a creative person surrounded by the attributes of the theater, a sculptor and painter, a beautiful lady, sometimes endowed with fantasy features.