The article concerns philosophical and theological views of G.E. Lessing. It was in the German Enlightenment that what today we call philosophical theology was born and began to actively develop. This concept was formulated in its expressed form by Kant. He also owns a brief but profound description of the essence of philosophical theology and its functions, as well as main features distinguishing it from biblical theology. Kant draws attention here to the freedom as an essential characteristic of a philosophical theologian, but also emphasizes that the results of philosophical research should be offered to biblical theologians as recommendations, but not as imposed truths. Likewise, biblical theology must give philosophical theology freedom of consideration, but must itself stand guard over the salvation of the souls of its entrusted flock. Within the framework of the philosophy of I. Kant, such an approach is based on the division he proposes between the private and public use of reason. However, we see that Kant for that matter is rooted in the philosophical and theological tradition that preceded him. No less a philosophical theologian can be considered G.E. Lessing. Despite the fact that Lessing himself herein does not use the concept directly, his position on issues of religion and faith and their philosophical understanding on that completely coincides with Kant’s. It can be seen especially clearly in the dispute that took place between him and Goeze in the framework of one of the most interesting and lively discussions of the German Enlightenment, namely the Fragmentenstreit. The article considers in detail the key stages of development of the discussion, as well as the positions of the parties. As a result, the author of the article comes to the conclusion that the discussion position defended by Lessing can be characterized as philosophical theology.

The paper is concerned with the carnal turn in contemporary philosophical theology. In the theological studies religion is often interpreted as primarily belonging to the sphere of the spiritual. While it is true that for most religious traditions (Christian as well as non-Christian) God is a spiritual and disembodied being, even the presence of God is always a mediated presence, and it may well be argued that this mediation is always material in character. We analyze theological aspects of the project carnal hermeneutics (Richard Kearney, Brian Treanor, John Panteleimon Manoussakis). Carnal hermeneutics shows the new philosophical turn away from the overly abstract, relativist and limited emphasis on structural linguistics and deconstruction in favor of a new emphasis on the on the fundamental act of incarnation. From that new point of view, linguistics and textual exegesis may continue to be a necessary aspect of hermeneutics – but they are not sufficient in themselves. It is a way of thinking which might help us recover the body as text and the text as body: to restore hermeneutics to phenomenology and vice versa and to remind us that interpretation is never a dis-embodied act. Carnal hermeneutics declares the living presence of the body as the inescapable foundation of our very being – inclusive of any act of interpretation. The carnal hermeneutics insists upon the crisscrossing of text and flesh, which both denies the collapsing of flesh into text (and vice versa) and also reveals the utter inextricability of the two.

The article is concerned with an attempt to correlate the thinking of being and faith of Revelation in modern German evangelical theology and in Russian religious philosophy on the example of the work of E. Jungel and A.F. Losev. The author reveals the uniqueness of Jungel’s concept of the Word of God in comparison with the event nature of the Word of God by K. Barth. Jüngel’s narrative theory of the Gospel parable is comprehended in the article in the perspective of finding common ground and especially with the philosophy of symbolic reality, of the name by A. Losev. Jungel thinks through the event nature of Revelation as the Word of God proposed by K. Barth, using the fundamental ontology of M. Heidegger, He develops a theological hermeneutic ontology in which the event of the Word of God acquires the features of the Gospel narrative of the parable. As discursive theology, based on the idea of the metaphysical absolute, is destroyed from the German thinker’s point of view, narrative theology wins its positions. For the German theologian, the core of the Christian kerygma – the death of God – is organically linked to the tradition of nineteenth-century philosophical atheism and is revealed in it no less than in theology and religious philosophy. The Russian philosopher refers to Hegel’s dialectics and Husserl’s phenomenology in understanding the event of God’s Revelation. However, he tries to integrate them into the model of Neo-platonic metaphysics, from which, in his opinion, they were formed. Losev, to the extent that he is a metaphysician, proceeds in the concept of name, unlike Jungel, from the principle of the analogy of being rather than the analogy of belief. The name for the Russian philosopher is not a story, but an energy (force) that has an ontological nature. With him, the name reflects essence rather than describing an event. Losev goes back to Antiquity to reanimate Neoplatonic metaphysics by means of the concept of the symbol, burying in it Plato and the non-metaphysical forms of thinking of the Christian kerygma. Jungel’s theology funds the word-centrism of the Protestant cult and contributes to the explication of the new-modern image of Christianity in Protestantism. Losev, for his part, does not undertake to explicate beyond metaphysics the antique-medieval mystery nature of the Christian cult in Orthodoxy. He needs to convey in his philosophical and theological thought not only the verbal aspect of the event of Revelation. In order to express the aesthetic and mystical dimension of Revelation, the Russian philosopher engages the metaphysics of all-encompassing unity with the idea of an unchanging Absolute

The article presents reflections prompted by the acquaintance with the new book by the Polish researcher of works by S.L. Frank Prof. Teresa Obolevich, who set herself the task of justifying his definition as “the most European” of Russian thinkers. Attention is drawn to the extensive empirical material through which the author demonstrates the philosopher’s involvement in European cultural spheres, as well as his integral connections with the emigrant environment. The researcher’s innovative methods of work, with the help of which she performs the task, as well as the innovative sources of information on which she relies are subject to analysis. It is emphasized that Obolevich’s newest book, using the example of Frank’s lecture tours in Western Europe, helps to comprehend such an “unconventional” form of expression of philosophical thinking as a public lecture. The question is raised about how legitimate it is to use the philosopher’s epistolary heritage as a source of information. The inevitability of interdisciplinary interaction is pointed out for the purpose of its meaningful involvement in historical and philosophical research. Clarifying the phenomenon of emigration serves as a proof for the legitimacy of the author’s thesis that inclusion in the emigrant environment is a demonstration of integration of S.L. Frank into the Western European cultural context.

The article is a summary of the results of a study carried out according to the State assignment FSZG-2022-0001 by teachers and graduate students of the Russian State University for the Humanities – Zh.T. Toshchenko, R.I. Anisimov, M.B. Bulanova, I.O. Shevchenko, E.N. Pyatsheva, G.V. Nioradze and I.A. Polyakova. The main efforts were aimed at identifying the state of industrial practice, its features in connection with the division of professions according to the socio-technological principle “man-technology”, “man-nature”, “man-man”, “man-sign”, “man-creative work”. Identified obstacles that stand in the way of the effectiveness of production practice, which call into question the current practice of preparation, organization and performance. Among them are the issues that depend on universities: defining the goals and objectives of practice, their organizational and financial support. Another set of issues stems from the position of the organizations hosting the practice, which show little interest in such work with students. Suggestions are made for its improvement.

The article presents an analysis of the features and concerns with professional orientation in the field of design and architecture. The empirical framework is based on content analysis data of the websites of specialized universities: 20 universities were selected (13 architectural and 7 design schools). In addition, the analysis of thematic literature was carried out. In general, universities conduct active campaigns to attract schoolchildren and applicants, providing career guidance both in the form of open days and excursions around the university, and carrying out deep and versatile training in the subjects of the future specialty. At the same time, a contradictory process is observed: along with the reduction of relevant general educational competencies (exclusion of “Drafting” from the school program), schoolchildren are offered a wide range of preparatory courses (but on a paid basis). The lack of feedback (a system of feedback on preparatory courses) is yet another issue in almost all universities. In conclusion, a number of recommendations are proposed, involving the return of “Drafting” in a new format and the introduction of forms for feedback on the quality of preparatory courses.

Nursing staff is increasingly positioned in the media as an independent, professional cohort. It is confirmed by one of the latest initiatives of the Ministry of Health of Russia – to redistribute some of the medical tasks and administrative functions from doctors to nurses. These and other reforms increase the role of communication in the provision of quality medical care, and the communicative competence of nursing staff is becoming an important factor in the development of the entire nursing service. However the ethical principles formulated a century and a half ago by the creator of modern nursing F. Nightingale remain unchanged. The article presents results of the author’s survey of nurses from several medical and preventive treatment institutions for their relationship with patients, relatives, colleagues. The results of the study show that the principles of deontology and professional attitude towards all participants in the direct care are preserved among the nursing staff.

The article presents the results of an analytical sociological research on the population’s opinion study in the gender aspect regarding the perception and approval of various attributes of the visual image of medical organizations in the Russian Federation. The research found that women are more likely than men to pay attention to design solutions for elements of a visual image. The construction of the Kano matrix made it possible to determine the most attractive attributes of medical imaging systems – a single design of pointers and the presence of graphic elements that received great approval from women. Accounting for gender balance in the formation and implementation of national health policy can become the basis for the development of multi-purpose strategies aimed at creating maximum compliance for both men and women in terms of the conditions for providing medical care.

The article presents reflections on the place of men in the women’s professional field on the materials of foreign studies, as well as new data obtained during the study of educators of preschool organizations initiated by sociologists – members of the Research Committee “Sociologists of Childhood” of the Russian Academy of Sciences. It presents the data on the transformation of ideas about male educators in the assessments of the preschool children parents. Information is provided on how male educators deem their social status and what they see as their tasks in the process of educating the younger generation.

The article considers the natural motif as the artistic basis of the ornamental composition and its transformation as a method of shaping the elements of the ornament of the Orenburg down shawl. It analyzes the main directions of transformation of the natural motif adopted in the form-making of down knitting: the semantic concept of form; stylization and geometrization of form, experiments with material (goat down). It is clarified that the transformation of the natural motif in accordance with the artistic and technological foundations of the down knitting tradition is a condition for its development; the inclusion in the ornament of elements created according to other shaping principles leads to deformation of the figurative and technological system of the handicraft. The process of transformation of the visual and semantic image of a natural motif into a decorative and ornamental image is analyzed.

Directors of Russian cinema of the Soviet and post-Soviet periods portray jesters and fools in the development of the theme of historical formation of pre-Petrine Russia. As participants of social communication with an atypical code of visual and verbal expression, jesters, skomorokhs and fools encrypt socio-cultural codes of historical memory, which can acquire additional productivity due to the nature of the screen medium. The fools in the films of S. Eisenstein, A. Tarkovsky, and P. Lungin are depicted as denouncers of vices through direct (pleas, monologues, prayers) and indirect (public gestures) appeals to people: parodies, provocative skits, spontaneous performances and quotations. The visual techniques of screen arts are coupled with all those forms of denunciation. The unity of the line of depicting jesters and fools by Russian directors becomes evident in the technique of “theater in the theater”, “mask of masks”, when social masks put on masks in order to expose a significant character. The article shows the performative nature of screen arts and the ways for enhancing the performativity by the portrayal of social outsiders.

The article critically analyzes a number of performances, the dramaturgical material for which is biographies, documentary texts presented in compilation with artistic, theoretical and philosophical works. The plays are conceptualized as stage interpretations of the life-creative programs of Vladimir Odoevsky, Leo Tolstoy and Konstantin Tsiolkovsky. The author also asks the question about the application by contemporary theatre-makers of the tools of mystification, mythologization and demythologization in the projection of performative comprehension of the text of human life. It is shown that the director with the help of this toolkit and by means of theater not only popularizes, but also creates a new cultural myth or debunks archaic notions about a major historical figure, detecting the points of intersection with the contemporary culture of estrangement. In such directorial decisions the staged biopics begin to sound like a total spectacle about the tragedy of life creation and its Mephistophelean and creative principles.